Writings

A collection of technical writing, engineering insights, and deep dives into the systems, tools, and ideas behind modern software.

Connection Pooling in PostgreSQL: Why PgBouncer Exists

Understand why PostgreSQL's process-per-connection architecture makes connection pooling necessary and how PgBouncer works internally.

21st Jun, 2026

Connection Pooling in PostgreSQL: Why PgBouncer Exists

PostgreSQL Checkpoints: Dirty Pages, WAL, and Recovery Performance

Learn how PostgreSQL checkpoints work, why dirty pages must be flushed to disk, and how checkpoints affect WAL, recovery time, and performance.

18th Jun, 2026

PostgreSQL Checkpoints: Dirty Pages, WAL, and Recovery Performance

PostgreSQL Write-Ahead Logging (WAL): Crash Recovery and Replication Internals

Learn how PostgreSQL Write-Ahead Logging works, why it exists, and how it enables crash recovery, durability, and replication.

17th Jun, 2026

PostgreSQL Write-Ahead Logging (WAL): Crash Recovery and Replication Internals

Inside PostgreSQL Autovacuum: Dead Tuples, Thresholds, and Production Tuning

Understand how PostgreSQL autovacuum decides when to run, how it prevents table bloat, and how to tune it safely in production.

16th Jun, 2026

Inside PostgreSQL Autovacuum: Dead Tuples, Thresholds, and Production Tuning

VACUUM & TOAST: How PostgreSQL Cleans Dead Tuples and Stores Massive Values

Understand how VACUUM reclaims storage, how the Free Space Map works, and how PostgreSQL transparently handles oversized values using TOAST.

14th Jun, 2026

VACUUM & TOAST: How PostgreSQL Cleans Dead Tuples and Stores Massive Values

PostgreSQL Row-Level Locks and Deadlocks Explained

Understand how PostgreSQL row-level locking works, how deadlocks form, how PostgreSQL detects them, and practical strategies to avoid them.

13th Jun, 2026

PostgreSQL Row-Level Locks and Deadlocks Explained

PostgreSQL Isolation Levels Explained: What Transactions Prevent and What They Still Allow

Understand how PostgreSQL isolation levels work, which concurrency problems they prevent, and the anomalies that can still occur.

12th Jun, 2026

PostgreSQL Isolation Levels Explained: What Transactions Prevent and What They Still Allow

PostgreSQL MVCC Explained: How Concurrent Reads and Writes Work Without Locks

Understand how PostgreSQL uses MVCC, row versions, xmin, and xmax to allow concurrent reads and writes without blocking.

11th Jun, 2026

PostgreSQL MVCC Explained: How Concurrent Reads and Writes Work Without Locks

Beyond B-Tree: When to Use GIN, GiST, and BRIN Indexes in PostgreSQL

Discover how PostgreSQL's specialized index types, GIN, GiST, and BRIN - accelerate full-text search, geospatial queries, JSONB lookups, and massive time-series datasets far beyond what traditional B-Tree indexes can handle.

10th Jun, 2026

Beyond B-Tree: When to Use GIN, GiST, and BRIN Indexes in PostgreSQL

Composite & Partial Indexes in PostgreSQL

Learn how composite and partial indexes work, when index-only scans happen, and how index column ordering affects query performance.

9th Jun, 2026

Composite & Partial Indexes in PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL B-Tree Indexes: Internal Structure, Index Scans, and Bloat

Understand how PostgreSQL B-Tree indexes are organized on disk, how index scans work, and why index bloat appears over time.

8th Jun, 2026

PostgreSQL B-Tree Indexes: Internal Structure, Index Scans, and Bloat

Reading PostgreSQL Query Plans: Finding the Gap Between Estimated and Actual Rows

Learn how to analyze PostgreSQL execution plans by comparing estimated and actual row counts to uncover cardinality estimation problems and performance bottlenecks.

7th Jun, 2026

Reading PostgreSQL Query Plans: Finding the Gap Between Estimated and Actual Rows

Query Planner & Cost-Based Optimization in PostgreSQL

Learn how PostgreSQL evaluates multiple execution strategies and chooses the lowest-cost plan before executing a query.

6th Jun, 2026

Query Planner & Cost-Based Optimization in PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL Shared Buffers and the Clock-Sweep Eviction Algorithm

Learn how PostgreSQL caches data in memory, manages buffer replacement, and why the clock-sweep algorithm is critical for database performance.

5th Jun, 2026

PostgreSQL Shared Buffers and the Clock-Sweep Eviction Algorithm

Understanding PostgreSQL Query Lifecycle: Parse, Rewrite, Plan, Execute

Learn what happens inside PostgreSQL from the moment a SQL query arrives until the database returns the final result.

4th Jun, 2026

Understanding PostgreSQL Query Lifecycle: Parse, Rewrite, Plan, Execute

Why LLM Gateways Matter Once AI Apps Reach Production

Learn why LLM gateways become essential for routing, reliability, observability, and provider independence in production AI systems.

2nd Jun, 2026

Why LLM Gateways Matter Once AI Apps Reach Production